网友讨论：为什么葡萄牙选择将澳门交给了中国？When Margaret Thatcher tried to retain all of Hong Kong under British control, Deng Xiaoping curtly responded that he could have tanks rolling into Hong Kong at any time and that their negotiations were not about whether or not the UK would keep Hong Kong, but about under what conditions it would be returned to China. If he said that to Britain, a fellow nuclear power, UN Security Council member, core NATO member, and great power, how do you think he would’ve treated Portugal if they made the same request about Macau?
当玛格丽特·撒切尔试图保留香港的治理权，使香港继续处于英国的控制之下时，邓小平只是平静地说, 他随时可以让坦克驶入香港，而且他认为这次谈判讨论的不是关于英国是否该归还香港，而是香港该在什么时间回归中国。在他对同为核大国、联合国安理会成员、北约核心成员和世界大国的英国都做出了这样的表态的情况下，你认为如果葡萄牙对澳门提出同样的要求，他会怎么对待葡萄牙呢?
Even if the Portuguese wanted to give Macau independence, that would have never been a practical option. Portuguese technology might have been a defensive benefit when Portugal first acquired Macau in the 1500s, but the 20th century was a completely different case. China was a unified nuclear power with a much smaller technology gap with Portugal than before. Never mind the fact that China had 100 times the population of Portugal and a modernising military. If India kicked Portugal out of Goa in 1961, imagine what China would do in Macau.
即使葡萄牙人想让澳门独立，这也永远不是一个实际的选择。当葡萄牙在16世纪首次租赁澳门时，葡萄牙的军事科技让它面对中国时有一种防御优势，但20世纪的情况完全不同。此时的中国是一个基本实现统一的核大国，它与葡萄牙在军事科技上的差距比以前小得多。中国拥有葡萄牙100倍的人口和现代化的军队。即使是印度都在1961年把葡萄牙踢出果阿邦，想象一下中国会在澳门做什么。
Portugal’s prime minister, Salazar, was like Thatcher. After calls for the city to be returned to China, he was resilient in his belief that Macau was an integral part of Portugal. After his Estado Novo regime fell in 1974, the new government actually reached out to Mao to try and return Macau. They knew the odds were infinitely against them even if they wanted to keep Macau (which they didn’t). Mao actually said it wouldn’t be the right time for Macau to be returned but stressed from then on that Macau was “Chinese territory under Portuguese administration”.
葡萄牙前总理萨拉查像撒切尔夫人一样强硬。在中国呼吁澳门回归中国之后，他坚定了自己的信念，并认为澳门是葡萄牙不可分割的一部分。1974年他的独裁政权倒台后，新政府实际上主动向中国政府伸出了橄榄枝，试图让澳门回归。他们知道，即使他们想要保留澳门(虽然他们并不想)，他们也面临着无限的困难。但中国认为那时不是澳门回归的合适时机，但中国从那时起就强调澳门是“葡萄牙统治下的中国领土”。
The last reason is that the vast majority of Macau’s population felt much closer to China than to Portugal. The architecture is deceiving; the lusophone population is minuscule. Aside from the local Macanese + Portuguese who together made up only 5–10% of the population at its highest, Macau had no “national identity” of its own. The Portuguese community kept to itself and there were historically few efforts to culturally imperialise the Chinese population who made up the vast majority of Macau.
This is one of the biggest differences between Hong Kong and Macau. You can see its results today between them. Even though Macau has many beautiful Portuguese buildings, it is at its core very much Chinese. Even though Hong Kong has very few physical traces of British colonialism left, Hong Kongers have been influenced very heavily by the British.
最后一个原因是，绝大多数澳门人感觉与中国的关系比与葡萄牙的关系更亲近。葡萄牙风只是澳门建筑的表象，在澳门讲葡语的人很少。澳门本地的葡萄牙人最多只占澳门总人口的5-10%，澳门人没有自己的“国家认同”。葡萄牙人一直保持沉默，历史上很少有对占澳门人口绝大多数的中国人进行文化同化的努力。
这是香港和澳门最大的区别之一，今天你可以看到他们各自的结果。尽管澳门有许多漂亮的葡萄牙式建筑，但它们的核心还是中国风格。尽管现在的香港几乎没有了英国殖民主义的痕迹，但香港人受到了英国的严重影响。
CaiLei, lives in China (1975-present)
You have to understand that Macau is rented, and must be returned to China when the lease expires!
On July 10, 1928, the Ministry of foreign affairs of the then Chinese government officially notified the Portuguese Minister to China that the treaty had expired on April 28 of that year.
On December 27, 1928, the Ministry of foreign affairs of the then Chinese government published the full text of the newly concluded treaty of friendship and trade between China and Portugal. The new treaty did not mention the Macao issue, which showed that both sides agreed to abolish the "China-Portugal Beijing Treaty.".
In other words, since 1928, the Chinese government has been able to recover Macao at any time.
To let the Portuguese stay until 1999 is nothing more than to let Macau act as an import and export channel between China and the western world.
During the Korean War, Ma Wanqi(马万祺), a wealthy businessman in Macao and chairman of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference, purchased a large number of urgently needed medical materials from Macao and abroad, and transported them to the mainland, which effectively supported the Chinese people's Volunteer Army.
你要明白，澳门是葡萄牙租来的，租约到期后就必须归还中国!
1928年7月10日，中国政府外交部正式通知葡萄牙驻华大使，租赁条约将于同年4月28日到期。
1928年12月27日，中国政府外交部公布了新缔结的中葡友好贸易条约全文。新条约未提及澳门问题，但表明双方同意废除《中葡北京条约》。
也就是说，自1928年以来，中国政府随时都可以收回澳门。
让葡萄牙人在澳门留到1999年，无非是让澳门充当中国和西方世界之间的贸易通道。
朝鲜战争期间，澳门富商、全国政协副主席马万祺从澳门及国外采购了大量志愿军急需的医疗物资，运抵了内地，有力地支持了中国人民志愿军。
In 1949, the Chinese government also had the power and the ability to liberate Hong Kong. However, Mao Zedong ordered to stop, not because of any fear of Britain, but to leave a "channel for import and export trade with the western world" for China. You know, Mao Zedong ordered the People's Liberation Army to sink the British warship Amethyst (紫云英号), and the British did not dare to take action.
Therefore, the permanent venue of China Import and Export Fair is located in Guangzhou near Hong Kong and Macao. It has lasted nearly 70 years from 1957 to now.
1949年，当时的中国政府也有权力和能力解放香港。然而，中国下令暂缓解放香港，这不是因为害怕英国，而是为了给中国留下一条“与西方世界进行进出口贸易的渠道”。你要知道，中国曾命令人民解放军击沉英国军舰紫云英号，而英国不敢对此采取行动。
因此，中国进出口商品交易会的永久举办地设在广州，毗邻港澳。从1957年到现在，这个活动已经持续举办了近70年。
Byron Han, lives in China (2021-present)
Because China wanted it so. Back in 1971, China specifically requested that Macau be removed from the UN decolonization list because they didn’t want Macau to become independent. Portugal, after their dictatorship was overthrown in 1974, made numerous offers to return Macau to China which was repeatedly delayed until 1999 so as to not impact the UK-China negotiations over the status of Hong Kong and the adjoining New Territories.
因为中国希望如此。早在1971年，中国就明确要求联合国将澳门从前托管和非自治名单中除名，因为他们不希望澳门独立。1974年葡萄牙的独裁统治被推翻后，新的葡萄牙政府多次提出要将澳门归还中国，但这一进程被推迟到1999年，这是为了不影响中英关于香港及新界问题的谈判。
Samuel Liu, in 97, 15
Portugal did not give Macau independence 1999.
After the Hong Kong 1967 riots, and subsequent Macau unrest. Macau was actually thereafter ruled by the Beijing govt- that’s pre-1970.
1967 Hong Kong riots - Wikipedia
The political climate was tense in Hong Kong in the spring of 1967. To the north of the British colony's border, the PRC was in turmoil. Red Guards carried out purges and engaged in infighting, while the 12-3 incident sponsored by pro-CCP demonstrators erupted in the Portuguese colony of Macau, to the west of Hong Kong, in December 1966.
Despite the intervention of the Portuguese army, order was not restored to Macau; and after a general strike in January 1967, the Portuguese government agreed to meet many of the left-wing demands, placing the colony under the de facto control of the PRC.[5] The tension in Hong Kong was heightened by the ongoing Cultural Revolution to the north. Up to 31 protests were held.[6]
5 Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986–1999, Carmen Amado Mendes, Hong Kong University Press, 2013, page 34
6 Hong Kong, C.W Lam and Cecilia L.W Chan, Professional Ideologies and Preferences in Social Work: A Global Study, Idit Weiss, John Gal, John Dixon, Praeger Greenwood Publishing, 2003, page 107
葡萄牙在1999年没有能力给与澳门独立地位。
1967年香港骚乱和澳门骚乱之后。此后，澳门实际上已经是由中国政府统治了——那是在1970年以前。
1967年香港暴乱-维基百科
1967年春天，香港的政治气氛很紧张。在这个英国殖民地边界的北部，中国陷入了混乱。1966年12月，在香港以西的葡萄牙殖民地澳门爆发了由亲华示威者发起的“12-3事件”。
尽管葡萄牙军队介入，但澳门仍未恢复秩序; 在1967年1月的一次总罢工之后，葡萄牙政府同意满足左翼人士的许多要求，将该殖民地置于中国的实际控制之下，香港的紧张局势因中国大陆的局势变化而加剧，香港人举行了多达31次抗议活动。
Jorge Candeias, studied at Escola Secundária Manuel Teixeira Gomes
I see many ignorant replies to this question, which is in itself also deeply flawed in its basic premises. People seem to think Macau and Honk Kong are the same and came to be the same way, which couldn’t be further from the truth.
Fact is Macau was always Chinese territory, even though during certain periods of its history Portugal tended to forget that fact (there was even a treaty giving it “perpetual rights” over the territory, signed by the Chinese kind of under duress, in the aftermath of the Opium Wars, but later on both parties chose to ignore that). It came to the possession of the Portuguese as a lease. The Chinese wanted the Portguese there because they could serve as a commercial bridge with the outside world and were good sailors who had proven valuable allies in the fight against the pirates that were all over the South China Sea back then. And the Portuguese wanted to be there as a base of power in the Far East and of trade with China and also Japan after leaving Nagasaki.
我看到许多对这个问题的无知回答，这个问题本身的基本前提也有严重的缺陷。人们似乎认为澳门和香港是一样的，但是，这种认知与事实相去甚远。
事实是澳门一直是中国的领土。即使在特定历史时期葡萄牙倾向于忘记这个事实(甚至有一个条约赋予了它占领该领土的“永久权利”，中国在鸦片战争之后被迫签署的条约，但后来双方都选择忽视这一条约)。它是被租给葡萄牙人的，中国人希望葡萄牙人去那里，因为他们可以充当中国与外界的商业桥梁，而且他们是优秀的水手，在打击当时遍布南中国海的海盗方面证明了他们是中国有价值的盟友。在离开长崎后，葡萄牙人想要在那里建立远东的权力基地以及与中国和日本的贸易基地。
That lease had a time limit: 500 years.
When Portugal got rid of its dictatorship in 1974, decolonization was at the top of the agenda as one of the main drivers of the revolution (if not THE main driver) was the colonial problem and its wars. As a consequence, all Portuguese colonies achieved independence in 1974-1975, except East Timor, because it was invaded by Indonesia, and Macau because the proposals by the Portuguese to hand Macau back to China were refused by the Chinese, for fear of the possible repercussions in Hong Kong. It was agreed that the territory would continue to be administered by Portugal until the issue with Hong Kong was solved but it was also firmly established that the territory was in fact Chinese, reaffirming the terms of the original lease (although it had already expired by then).
And then the issue with Hong Kong was solved, at least in a certain sense, and two years later, as agreed, Portugal finally handed Macau back to the Chinese, putting a close to its imperial era (even though East Timor was still de jure Portuguese at that time, from the point of vue of both the Portugese and the Timorese resistance against the Indonesian occupation, and had to wait three more years to be free).
So independence was never even a consideration. As the territory was ever Chinese, only the Chinese could give it independence (in theory the Macanese could have fought for it and achieved it, but that’s only theory).
租约的有效期限: 500年。
当葡萄牙在1974年摆脱了独裁统治时，非殖民化是葡萄牙新政府议程中的重中之重，因为殖民问题及殖民战争是葡萄牙人发动这场革命的主要驱动力之一(如果不是全部驱动力的话)。结果，除东帝汶外，所有的葡萄牙殖民地都在1974-1975年获得了独立，东帝汶未独立的原因是它被印度尼西亚入侵了。澳门则是因为葡萄牙人提出的将澳门归还中国的建议被中国拒绝了，原因是担心这一事件会在香港引起反响。双方同意，该领土将继续由葡萄牙管理，直到中国与英国关于香港的谈判问题得到解决，但双方也坚定地确认，该领土实际上是中国的，重申了原始租约的条款(尽管当时租约已经到期)。
然后，香港的归属问题在某种意义上得到了解决，两年后，按照协议，葡萄牙最终将澳门交还给了中国，结束了它的帝国主义时代(尽管当时东帝汶在法理上仍然是属于葡萄牙的，从葡萄牙和东帝汶对印尼占领的抵抗的角度来看，东帝汶人不得不再等三年才获得了真正的自由)。
所以澳门的独立从来没有被考虑过。因为这片领土曾经是属于中国的，只有中国才有权利让它独立(理论上，澳门人可以为它而战并实现它，但这只是理论)。
Paul Clifford, former System Specialist / ApplicatioArchitext / Designer (1981-2004)
Neither the British, Portuguese nor Japanese imperialists had any legitimate claim to the territories they occupied in China by force of arms since the end of the 19th century. The PRC could have used force to reclaim them, however, chose not to do so, waiting until the British lease over what the British called “the New Territories” expired in 1997 making the British colonies unsustainable and with them Macau..
The Reality is that neither Hong Kong, Kowloon nor Macau were/are sustainable as independent nations. They are totally dependent on mainland China for their food, water, power and employment. The only aspect they can self sustain is the effluent they spew into the ocean and air.
英国帝国主义、葡萄牙帝国主义和日本帝国主义对他们自19世纪末以来用武力占领的中国领土都没有任何合法要求的权利。中国本可以使用武力收回它们，但是，它选择不这样做，直到英国在所谓的“新界”的租约于1997年到期，这使香港不能再以英国殖民地的身份存在下去，澳门也一样。
现实是，香港、九龙和澳门作为独立国家都是不能维持生存的，它们完全依赖于中国大陆的食物、水、电力和人员供应。他们唯一能自我掌控的就是他们向海洋和空气中排放的污水。
Ruby Tsao, National Taiwan University, BA; University of Michigan, MA;
Macau was leased to Portugal and the lease expired. Macao depended on mainland for fresh water, food…. like Hong Kong. Macao has benefitted greatly since its return to China in 1999. The following is excerpt from my book JOURNEY TO CHINA:
Macao enjoys growth of business in high tech industry, tourism, and as international conference center. It is estimated that 40 million tourists visit Macao every year, or 47 times Macao’s population. Per capita GDP has increased to US $ 87,000, the highest in Asia, second highest in the world.
澳门是被租给葡萄牙的，租约到期就得归还。澳门依赖于大陆的淡水和食物供应....像香港一样。澳门自1999年回归祖国以来，已获益匪浅。以下内容摘自我的《中国之旅》一书:
高新技术产业、旅游业、国际会议中心地位发展迅速。据估计，每年有4000万游客到访澳门，这相当于澳门人口的47倍。澳门的人均国内生产总值达到8.7万美元，居亚洲第一、世界第二。
Macao was leased to Portugal in 1557 as a trading port. It was returned to China when the lease expired in 1999. It is also a SAR (Special Administrative Region) in “One Country Two Systems” with autonomy. Today, Macao is the favorite gaming city for the Chinese people. It’s a gaming capital in Asia with the world’s highest gaming revenue and plenty of hotel rooms. Venetian Casino Hotel has a longer canal in Macao than in Las Vegas. And the whole canal with gondolas is on the second floor. With a population of 651,000, 95% Han Chinese, Macao is one of the richest cities in Asia. In 2009, Macao started infrastructure building on the island of Hengqin 横琴near Zhuhai. This 106 sq. km island has greatly increased Macau’s space for expansion of the University of Macao, building of an innovation park and state of art residential communities. As a part of Greater Bay Area development, Macao is connected to mainland China by a bridge. Macao can be reached from Hong Kong by a ferry, a most delightful cruise. Free shuttles to casinos are available at the terminal. This is a worthwhile side trip from Hong Kong.
澳门在1557年租给葡萄牙作为贸易港口。1999年租约到期后，它被归还给了中国。它也是“一国两制”政策实施下成立的特别行政区，享有自治权。今天，澳门是中国人民最喜爱的博彩城市。它是亚洲的博彩业之都，拥有全球最高的博彩业收入和充足的酒店客房。威尼斯人赌场酒店在澳门有一条比它在拉斯维加斯的酒店更长的小型河道，整条河道和贡多拉(威尼斯特色划船)都在酒店二楼。澳门人口65.1万，95%是汉族人，它是亚洲最富裕的城市之一。2009年，澳门开始在珠海附近的横琴岛上建设基础设施，这个岛面积106平方公里。这位为澳门大学的扩建、创新园的建设和最先进的居住社区建设提供了广阔的空间。作为大湾区建设的一部分，澳门与中国大陆之间有一座桥梁。从香港可以乘坐渡轮到达澳门，这是一种最令人心情愉快的游轮，终点站还提供免费前往赌场的班车。这是一次值得从香港来的顺道旅行。
The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, the longest cross sea bridge spanning 55 km, connects Hong Kong, Zhuhai and Macao over land and sea. The technically difficult part is the 29.6 km span of bridge, island, and 5.6 km of undersea tunnels. The Century project has over 1000 patents. The Bridge shortens the distance from Hong Kong to within 3 hours commuting radius, bringing Hong Kong to the doorstep of China’s major industrial and commercial cities; it enhances the attraction of PRD as a trade and logistics hub to inner mainland cities. The connection also helps in the cultural integration of Hong Kong and Macao to mainland China.
港珠澳大桥是世界上最长的跨海大桥，全长55公里，连接着香港、珠海和澳门三座城市。这项工程技术上的难点是要建设跨越29.6公里的桥梁和5.6公里的海底隧道。这项世纪工程产生了1000多项专利。大桥将香港与大陆的主要工商业城市的距离缩短至3小时车程以内; 加强了珠三角地区作为内地贸易和物流枢纽的吸引力。这种联系也有助于香港和澳门与中国内地的文化融合。
The Pearl River Greater
Bay Area has overtaken Tokyo as the largest urban area in size and population.
With eleven cities including Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Dongguan, Foshan,
Humen, Jiangmen, Huizhou, Zhaoqing, and Hong Kong and Macao, the population is over 120 million, more people than Canada, Argentina or Australia.
珠三角城市群在面积和人口上已经超过了东京，成为了世界上最大的城市群。
它拥有深圳、广州、珠海、东莞、佛山、虎门、江门、惠州、肇庆、香港和澳门，人口超过1.2亿，比加拿大、阿根廷或澳大利亚的人口还要多。
