Quora:印度佛教和中国佛教有什么不同?

一
Vincent Cheok
Buddhism basically died out in India proper a long time ago.
Well, first of all, the very few native Indians that I know who called themselves Buddhists were converts from Hinduism because they belonged to the lowest caste. What I have been able to discern from them is that they still basically practise Hinduism but without the caste taboo or getting blessings from the Brahmin priests. They sort of pray to Buddha as if the Buddha was a reincarnation of Krishna.

佛教在很久以前就在印度消失了。
首先，我所知道的极少数自称佛教徒的印度原住民是从印度教皈依的，因为他们属于最低种姓。我能从他们身上看出的是，他们基本上仍然奉行印度教，但没有种姓禁忌，也没有得到婆罗门祭司的祝福。他们向佛陀祈祷，好像佛陀是奎师那的转世。
（译注：奎师那，是印度教诸神中最广受崇拜的一位神祇，被视为毗湿奴的第八个化身，是诸神之首，世界之主。）

But I am told that in the South of India, that those who are converted from Hinduism and are educated practise Theravada Buddhism, which is the official religion in Sri Lanka for the Singhalese there, and is the Buddhist tradition in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia.

但我听说，在印度南部，那些从印度教皈依并接受教育的人都信奉小乘佛教，这是斯里兰卡僧伽罗人的官方宗教，也是缅甸、泰国、老挝和柬埔寨的佛教传统。

The main difference between Theravada Buddhism as against Mahayana Buddhism is that with Theravada it is monks or elders led and is about self liberation； whereas with Mahayana it is more a lay practice led by what we call the Bodhisattva vow and is about universal liberation of all sentient beings.

小乘佛教与大乘佛教的主要区别在于，小乘佛教是僧侣或长老领导的，是关于自我解放的；而大乘佛教更多的是由我们所谓的菩萨誓言引导的世俗修行，是关于众生的普遍解脱。

In North of India, near Nepal or Sikkim or Tibet, the Indian Buddhists practise Mahayana Buddhism that is closer to Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism with a mix of Hindu folklore. Vajrayana Buddhism is sort of Mahayana +++. Mahayana has philosophical and psychological doctrines of spiritual logic and rationale but Vajrayana has in addition physiological and cosmological doctrines as well. Further, instead of just meditation as yoga in Mahayana, you have in addition, visualisation yoga and recitation yoga in the Vajrayana. In a broad sense Vajrayana is a higher or more developed tertiary form of Buddhism.

在印度北部，靠近尼泊尔、锡金或西藏的地方，印度佛教徒奉行大乘佛教，更接近西藏金刚乘佛教，混合了印度民间传说。金刚乘佛教有点像大乘佛教。大乘佛教有精神逻辑和基本原理的哲学和心理学说，而金刚乘佛教也有生理和宇宙学说。此外，在大乘佛教，你不仅有冥想瑜伽，还有金刚佛教的观想瑜伽和背诵瑜伽。广义上说，金刚乘是佛教的一种更高或更发达的三级形式。

Now, Mahayana Buddhism is practised in Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan.
So Chinese Buddhism is Mahayana. There are various Mahayana schools in China but essentially there are 2 main schools - Zen and Buddha devotion.

现在，大乘佛教在越南、中国、中国台湾、韩国和日本都有实践。
所以中国佛教是大乘佛教。中国有很多大乘佛教流派，但主要有两大流派——禅宗和佛陀信仰。

Zen is sort of like Karma Yoga where you strive for ‘sudden awakening’ followed by ‘gradual cultivation’ to identify with the Absolute that is the transcendental supramundane Buddha and you focus on the three main doctrines of ‘Sunyata’, ‘Not-Self’ and ‘Mind-Consciousness only’ to lead you to the Tathagharba or Thusness that is the Primordial Mind-Consciousness (sort of Brahma as just pure luminous mind in total eternal bliss).

禅宗有点像因果报应瑜伽，你努力“突然觉醒”，然后“逐步修炼”，以认同超世俗的绝对佛陀，你专注于“空性”的三大教义，“非我”和“心意识”引导你进入如来或修行，也即原始心灵意识（类似于梵天，纯粹光明的心在完全永恒的幸福中）。

Buddha devotion is sort of like Bhakti Yoga where you chant and think of your nominated Buddha in devotion e.g. Amitabha Buddha in everything you think, say or do. Instead of aspiring to be like Buddha you have Buddha coming to you, as you have given yourself totally, mind, heart and soul to Buddha.

佛陀信仰有点像巴克提瑜伽，你吟诵并虔诚地想起你指定的佛陀。例如，阿弥陀佛就是你所想、所说、所做的一切。当你把自己全部的思想、心、灵魂都给了佛陀，佛陀就会来到你身边，而不是渴望成为佛陀。

Most Chinese Buddhists are into Buddha devotion (almost 95%) and only the educated, Iearned and the erudite will follow Zen. Most just want to live their normal lives and basically do the daily ‘puja’ of devotion, instead of joining a sort of ashram to learn how to meditate properly and learn the arcane scxtures etc - just too hard, when you have a family, friends and business!
Of course it is very much more complicated than that but here we are just pointing out the key differences.
Nobody Going Nowhere

大多数中国佛教徒都皈依佛祖(几乎95%)，只有受过教育的、有学问的和博学的人才会皈依禅宗。大多数人只想过正常的生活，基本上每天都做虔诚的“礼拜”，而不是参加一种道场来学习如何正确地冥想和学习神秘的经文等等——当你有家庭、朋友和生意的时候，这太难了!
当然，实际情况要比这复杂得多，但这里我们只是指出关键的区别。
没有人走投无路。

Oleg Romanov
This was a great response! Wish it was longer. As i read it, i felt like i dived into this “BuddhaDharma family reunx”, where all the brothers and cousins of various degrees met, coming in from all the scattered places of Asia. Thank you for your effort

这是一个很棒的回答!希望能再长一点。读着读着，我仿佛进入了这个“佛法家庭聚会”，来自亚洲各地、不同学历的兄弟姐妹相聚在一起。谢谢您所付出的心血。

Pratik Kamble
Once upon a time whole India was Buddhist country so the low caste and etc point doesn't come here Please read how Buddhism lost its root from India and why Hinduism flourished and Buddhism declined
The loyal Buddhist were not ready to convert to Hinduism when Buddhism declined so to run the princely state ，Hinduism had caste system which were according to them was perfect to run a monarch dynasty and when the Buddhist were not ready to become hindu ，they were thrown away from the society where they were niether Hindus and nor Buddhist as Buddhism was lost it roots because of Islam invasion and Vaishnavism, Shaivism and other Hindu traditions became increasingly popular, and Brahmins developed a new relationship with the state

曾经整个印度都是佛教国家，所以低种姓等问题并没有出现在这里，请阅读一下佛教是如何从印度失去其根源的，以及为什么印度教繁荣而佛教衰落。
忠诚的佛教徒还没有准备好皈依印度教，因为佛教拒绝这样管理君主国家，印度教有种姓制度，他们认为种姓制度非常适合统治君主王朝，当佛教徒还没有准备好成为印度教徒时，他们就被从既不是印度教徒也不是佛教徒的社会中抛弃了，佛教因为伊斯兰教和毗湿奴教的入侵而失去了根基，湿婆教和其他的印度教传统变得越来越流行，婆罗门与国家建立了新的关系。

Marin Baruch
Just an add on - Theravada Buddhism of Sri Lanka is the remnant of the ancient Buddhism that existed throughout India once. Hinduism is a modern created religion by Adi Shankara (8th or 9th century) out of ancient Brahminism (the rival religion that challenged Buddhism). Hindu revival largely ended Buddhism from much of mainland India. Islamic invasions destroyed what remained in the far north such as Kashmir, Afghanistan, eastern Iran, Pakistan etc. Kerala in South India held Buddhism until the 16th century after which it was extinguished out fully by Hinduism. The Buddha considered Brahminism to be a corrupted form of Dharma. India today is a Hindu majority country. Buddha has been simply delegated by some Hindus as a lesser deity sent out to deceive demons and pacify them with his teachings. The Hindu king Sashank burnt the Bhodi tree and many Buddhists were persecuted. Sri Lanka continues to hold ancient Buddhism to the best it can. I also encourage you to have discourses with Sri Lankan Buddhist scholars, rather than Indian Hindus who give you a distorted version of history.

再补充一点——斯里兰卡的小乘佛教是曾经存在于印度各地的古代佛教的残余。印度教是阿迪·商卡拉(8或9世纪)从古代婆罗门教(挑战佛教的竞争宗教)中创造的现代宗教。印度教的复兴在很大程度上终结了印度大陆大部分地区的佛教。伊斯兰的入侵摧毁了遥远的北部地区，如克什米尔、阿富汗、伊朗东部、巴基斯坦等。印度南部的喀拉拉邦一直信奉佛教，直到16世纪，之后被印度教完全消灭。佛陀认为婆罗门教是一种堕落的佛法。今天的印度是一个以印度教为主的国家。佛陀只是被一些印度教徒委派为一个次要的神，被派去欺骗恶魔，用他的教义安抚他们。印度国王萨珊克烧毁了菩提树，许多佛教徒受到迫害。斯里兰卡继续将古代佛教发挥到极致。我也鼓励你和斯里兰卡的佛教学者交流，而不是给你讲歪曲历史的印度教徒。

Harry McNicholas
Vincent you are speaking of Pure Land. You need much more education. Ha ha ha.

文森特，你说的是“净土”。你需要（接受）更多的教育。哈哈哈。

Stanzin Dawa
There is no such thing as indian buddhism. ..
The diffrence is that in india brahmins (hindus) destroyed buddhism beacause it stood for equality of all humans irrespective of caste which was a threat to upper caste brahmins……Buddhists were persecuted and monasteries destroyed by hindu ruler pushyamitra shuga. …buddhism also stood for rationality and logic without superstitious which was also a threat to brahmins. ..
While in china buddhism flourished and nourished for at least 2000 years and became an intrigal part of chinese culture ..… chinese buddhism was a unique combination of taoism and buddhism. …china also helped in spreading buddhism to japan ,korean,vietnam. …han chinese have preserved the buddhist tradition. …
And by the way i am an indian and follower and admirer of chan buddhism and i know the deep reality of indian history and brahmanisim.

没有所谓的印度佛教。
不同的是，在印度，婆罗门(印度教徒)摧毁了佛教，因为它代表着全人类的平等，不论种姓，这对高种姓的婆罗门是一种威胁……佛教徒受到迫害，寺庙被印度教统治者普希亚密特拉·舒加摧毁。佛教也主张理性和逻辑，不迷信，这对婆罗门也是一种威胁。
而在中国，佛教繁荣和滋养了至少2000年，成为中国文化的一个重要组成部分。中国佛教是道教和佛教的独特结合。中国还帮助佛教传播到日本、韩国、越南。汉人保存了佛教传统。
顺便说一下，我是一个印度人，是禅宗的追随者和仰慕者，我知道印度历史和婆罗门教的深刻事实。

Hsiaoshuang Chen
In Singapore, whenever I accompanied Grandma to the Mahayana temple to celebrate special events, who do you think were those self-important people in saffron robes leading and instructing Grandma and other lay devotees?

在新加坡，每当我陪奶奶去大乘寺庆祝特殊的活动时，你认为那些穿着橙黄色的僧袍，自以为是地引领和指导奶奶和其他信众的人是谁?

Ronit Nandeshwar
Yeah I agree .
And btw Only 0.7% Indians are Buddhist. So i don't understand why others call India a Buddhist country.
Other Asians countries where Buddhism is majority truly represent Buddhism. India doesn't. India is very castist.

是的，我同意。
顺便说一下，只有0.7%的印度人是佛教徒。所以我不明白为什么别人说印度是一个佛教国家。
其他以佛教为主体的亚洲国家才是真正的佛教。印度不是。印度种姓制度非常严重。

Rahul
Buddhism easily adapted to the customs, traditions & ideas of the lands where it spread across East & South East Asia.

佛教很容易适应它在东亚和东南亚传播的地方的习俗、传统和思想。

………………………………

二

Pankaj Tripathi
1.Buddha during his lifetime, did not give instructions to his disciples to write down his teachings, as he was of the opinion that ‘writing’ is not for religion but for non-religious activities. That is why no Buddhist doctrine could be developed during his lifetime.
2.Another point to be noted that, Buddha did not emphasized on using a particular language as the source of propagation of Buddhism. Local language should be the tool to teach people about the reality of life and how to free yourself from sufferings of the life.

1.佛陀在世时，没有指示他的弟子把他的教导写下来，因为他认为“书写”不是为了宗教，而是为了非宗教活动。这就是为什么在他的一生中佛教教义无法发展的原因。
2.还有一点需要注意的是，佛陀并没有强调使用一种特定的语言作为佛教的传播来源。当地语言应该成为教会人们了解现实生活和如何从生活苦难中解脱的工具。

These two were the reasons of schism in Buddhism after Buddha’s decease. With in the 3 months of his decease, First Buddhist council was organized in India, to come up with some form of doctrine, which defined the base of Buddhism. Second Buddhist council which was organized approximately 100 years after the first one, saw the first signs of schism. Two schools of thoughts were said to be divided after this council:-

这两者是佛陀死后佛教分裂的原因。在他去世的三个月里，印度成立了第一个佛教委员会，提出了某种形式的教义，奠定了佛教的基础。第二个佛教委员会在第一个大约100年后成立，第一次看到了分裂的迹象。据说这次会议后两派思想分裂了。

Theravada- It is followed in Sri Lanka and other south Asian countries. It believes in self realization and ways to attain nirvana. It uses Pali Canon as its doctrine. In the southern part of India, Buddhists usually follow the teachings of Theravada school of thoughts.
Mahayana- This is the form of Buddhism widely followed in China. It believes in the concept of Bodhisattva.

小乘佛教——紧随其后的是斯里兰卡和其他南亚国家。它相信自我实现和达到涅槃的方法。它使用巴利经典作为其教义。在印度南部，佛教徒通常遵循小乘派的教义。
大乘佛教——这是中国广泛信奉的佛教形式。它信奉菩萨的概念。

Another school of thought is Tibetan Buddhism, which is followed in Laddakh, Sikkim, Himachal and the north eastern part of the country.[ Vincent Cheok has explained the difference among these three, you might want to read that as well]
Buddhism was introduced in China passing through central Asia under Kanishka. He made the scholars translate Buddhist scxtures in central Asian and Chinese languages. He then sent, Buddhist monks to propagate the teachings of Buddhism in China. Now, as we can see the Buddhism which reached China, was already very different that what it was in India.

另一个思想流派是藏传佛教，在拉达克、锡金、喜马偕尔邦和印度东北部都有追随者。[文森特·切克已经解释了这三者之间的区别，可以读一下]
佛教在迦腻色伽一世时期经中亚传入中国。他让学者们用中亚和中国语言翻译佛经。随后，他派遣佛教僧侣到中国传播佛教教义。现在，我们可以看到传入中国的佛教，已经和在印度有很大的不同。

Buddha wanted his followers to propagate the teachings of Buddhism in local languages with the touch of local culture. So coming back to question, what is the difference between Chinese and Indian Buddhism? The difference is that Buddhism is India is deeply influenced by Hinduism(local culture of India) and Buddhism in China is influenced by Taoism(local culture of China).
Hinduism believes in after life and Moksha, so does Indian Buddhism(‘Moksha’ in Hinduism is closely related to ‘Nirvana’ in Buddhism) and Taoism believes in love of nature and self development, so does the Chinese Buddhism.

佛陀希望他的信徒用当地的语言传播佛教教义，并融入当地文化。回到问题上来，中国佛教和印度佛教有什么不同?不同的是，印度的佛教深受印度教(印度本土文化)的影响，而中国的佛教受道教(中国本土文化)的影响。
印度教相信来世和解脱，印度佛教也是如此(印度教的“解脱”与佛教的“涅槃”密切相关)，道教相信爱自然和自我发展，中国佛教也是如此。
评论

Ronit Nandeshwar
But Nirvana is not final goal. Mahaparinirvana is final goal. This is the reason Buddhists are related to Jains not Hindus. Hindus are Polytheistic and Vedic. But both Jains and Buddhists are Apathiest and shramanic.

但涅槃不是最终目标。大观涅槃才是最终目标。这就是佛教徒与耆那教徒有关而不是印度教徒的原因。印度教徒信奉多神教和吠陀教。但是耆那教徒和佛教徒都是最无欲的，也是最虔诚的。

Hsiaoshuang Chen
Agreed with what you said except the part about Hinduism. Buddha in his enlightened wisdom doesn’t need to incorporate any Hindu beliefs. Anyway in those early centuries, Hinduism as a set of religious doctrines wasn’t well-developed.

同意你所说的，除了印度教那部分。佛陀的开明智慧不需要融入任何印度教信仰。总之，在早期的几个世纪里，印度教作为一套宗教教义并没有得到很好的发展。

Avdhoot Mohite
Hinduism is the father of Buddhism. For a good son, father must be well developed.

印度教是佛教之父。要想做个好儿子，父亲一定要培养好。

Xuyang Chen
I heard there was no characters “writing” for the ancient language during Buddha times.

我听说在佛祖时代，古代语言是没有文字的。

Pankaj Tripathi
Of course, we aren’t sure of the fact. But anyway, I’ve written the answer taking the other view of the logic.

当然，我们不能确定这一事实。但无论如何，我已经从另一种逻辑角度写出了答案。

Harry McNicholas
Buddhism is older than Hinduism. Therefore HInduism did not influence it. Mahayana did not start out as a school but some various teachings studied by all monks around the 3rd or 4th century BCE. It was not until about the 1st century that it became a school.

佛教比印度教更古老。因此，印度教没有影响它。大乘一开始并不是一个流派，而是在公元前3世纪或4世纪的时候，所有的僧侣都在学习各种各样的教义。直到大约1世纪，它才成为一个流派。

Robert(Bob) Panyavajiro
The Pali Cannon frequently mentions Brahmins and the unsavouriness of the caste system of Hinduism. The Buddha rejected these teachings. Apart from historical evidence this is a clear indication that Hinduism is far older than Buddhism.

《巴利经》经常提到婆罗门和印度教种姓制度的恶劣。佛陀拒绝接受这些教义。除了历史证据，这清楚地表明印度教比佛教要古老得多。

Kim Morris
Great minds often meet in a higher plane.

伟大的思想常在更高的境界相遇。

Oleg Romanov
great answer!

精彩的回答！

Wini Cyut
During Buddha's time, writing and books were still in its infancy. What's the point of writing it down if people have no access to books and 99% of the people are illiterate. You have to remember before the advent of printing blocks, books were expensive and rare.

在佛陀时代，写作和书籍仍处于初级阶段。如果人们没有书，99%的人都是文盲，写下来有什么意义呢?你必须记住，在印刷版出现之前，书是昂贵和稀有的。

Poramet Chanhom
Thailand,Burma,laos,cambodia is also threavada

泰国、缅甸、老挝、柬埔寨也都是小乘佛教。

………………………………

三

Lewis May
Chinese Buddhism is more like a kind of “traditional culture” than “religion”.
Government of Tang and Song accepted Buddhism as one of the three genres of philosophy. Some of monks even got official recognition called “purple costume”. Average people also accepted it as a kind of effcacious blessing: for good luck.

It didn’t mean that they became “Buddhist”. They prayed to every deity: from “Deity of medicine 药王孙思邈” to “Deity of exam 子路 and 子由”. The former “deity” was a famous doctor living in Tang, and the latter were two of students of Confucius.

Buddhism happened to be one of these “deities” and became part of “tradition” rather than “the only religion”. Chinese tradition was strong enough to assimilate Buddhism instead of being assimilated.

中国佛教与其说是“宗教”，不如说是一种“传统文化”。
唐宋政府将佛教作为三大哲学流派之一。一些僧人甚至得到了官方的认可，称为“紫袍”。一般人也认为它是一种有效的祝福:祈求好运。
这并不意味着他们成为了“佛教徒”。
他们祈求神:从“药王孙思邈”到“考试神子路和子由”。前者的“神”是生活在唐朝时期的一位名医，后者是孔子的两个学生。
佛教恰好是这些“神”之一，成为“传统”的一部分，而不是“唯一的宗教”。中国传统强大到足以同化佛教，而不是被同化。

…………………………

四

Raj Singh
I don`t know much about Chinese Buddhism but I think it has influence of Taoism on it. Indian Buddhism had evolved from Hinduism. Both have changed a lot in past 2000 years.
I saw Tibetan monk documentaries and Chinese movies. Buddhism carried over Sanskrit mantra from India to other Asian countries. The actual pronunciation has changed. “om mani padme hum” - there is no word hum in Sanskrit. I think it should be Om.
I read about reincarnation of Buddha and Dalai Lama. This is opposite of Buddhist teaching. Any one who attains nirvan, will merge with God (Pure Consciousnesses). He/She goes beyond time. That soul will not be born again as living being.

我对中国佛教了解不多，但我认为它受到了道教的影响。印度佛教是从印度教演变而来的。在过去的2000年里，两者都发生了很大的变化。
我看了西藏僧侣纪录片和中国电影。佛教把梵文咒语从印度传到其他亚洲国家。实际的发音已经改变了。
我读过关于佛陀和dllm转世的书。这与佛教教义相反。任何一个达到涅磐的人，都会与神合而为一(纯意识)。他/她超越了时间。那个灵魂不会以生命的形式重生。

………………………………

五

Mijin Kurum
There are two major forms of Buddhism 1) Sravakayana which is the way to become an Arhat of which there were 22–24 Schools of which only the Theravada survived till today and 2) Mahayana , the way to become a Buddha of which there are two Major schools A) Paramitayana of which schools like Zen Buddhism is an offshoot amongst many other still surviving and B) Vajrayana of which Tibetan Buddhism is a branch . So Tibetan Buddhism is Vajrayana Buddhism derived from Nepal and India and naturalized to Tibetan culture through the centuries without missing out any element found in any Mahayana School like Zen is a school of Paramitayana sinoized through the centuries without losing the basic principles of Buddhism . Non of these schools have abandoned the correct View of Buddhism and all its basic elements . What has changed is only the outer cultural garments . In fact Tibetan Vajrayana is the most complete form of Buddhism as it contains the Sravakayana , the Paramitayana and the Vajrayana teaching in one corpus .

佛教有两种主要形式:
1)声闻，这是成为罗汉的方式，有22-24个流派，其中只有小乘流传到今天。
2)大乘佛教，成佛之道有两大流派：A) 波罗密多乘，其中像禅宗这样的流派是许多仍然存在的流派中的一个分支；B)金刚乘，是藏传佛教的一个分支。
所以藏传佛教是金刚乘佛教，源自尼泊尔和印度，几个世纪以来融入了西藏文化，没有遗漏任何大乘佛教学派的元素，比如禅宗，是经过几个世纪中国化的波罗密多乘学派，但没有失去佛教的基本原则。这些学派都没有放弃佛教的正确观点及其基本要素。改变的只是外在的文化服饰。事实上，藏传金刚乘是佛教最完整的形式，因为它将释迦牟尼、波罗摩衍那和金刚乘合而为一。